Chamberlain was still determined to prevent war, and he and French Prime Minister Edouard Daladier accepted the proposal. In the early morning of 30 September, the Munich Agreements received signatures from all the powers present. The terms of the agreement allowed Germany to occupy the Sudetenland the next day. There should then be a ten-day period after which the annexation should be completed. The Czech delegation was practically forced to accept those conditions after being informed that otherwise there would be a war for which Czechoslovakia would be held responsible. September 29-30, 1938: Germany, Italy, Britain and France sign the Munich Accords, according to which Czechoslovakia must cede its border areas and defenses (the so-called Sudetenland region) to Nazi Germany. German troops occupied these areas between 1 and 10 October 1938. The Munich Accords (Czech: Mnichovská dohoda; Slovak: Mníchovská dohoda; The Munich Agreement was an agreement on the Sudeten crisis between the major European powers after a conference held in Munich in 1938 and signed on 30 September. The aim of the conference was to discuss the future of Czechoslovakia in the face of the territorial demands of German dictator Adolf Hitler.
The agreement, signed by Nazi Germany, France, Britain and Italy, allowed for the German annexation of the Czechoslovak Sudetenland. The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as it was where most of its border defenses were located. The Chief of Staff of the Czechoslovak Army, General Ludvík Krejčí, said: “Our army will be in great shape in about two days to resist an attack by all German forces together, provided that Poland does not move against us. [71] Under the Munich Agreement, the entire predominantly German territory in Czechoslovakia had to be handed over by October 10. Poland and Hungary occupied other parts of the country and after a few months, Czechoslovakia ceased to exist and what remained of Slovakia became a German puppet state. The Munich Accords (Czech: Mnichovská dohoda; Slovak: Mníchovská dohoda; Munich Agreement) or Munich Betrayal (Czech: Mnichovská zrada; Mníchovská zrada) is an agreement signed on 30 September. It was closed in Munich in 1938 by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic and the Kingdom of Italy. He granted Germany the “cession of the Sudeten German territory” from Czechoslovakia. [1] Most European countries celebrated the agreement because it prevented the war threatened by Adolf Hitler by allowing Nazi Germany to annex the Sudetenland, a region in western Czechoslovakia inhabited by more than 3 million people, mostly German-speaking.
Hitler proclaimed this was his last territorial claim in Europe, and the choice seemed to be between war and appeasement. London, FridayThe Munich Accords give Hitler everything he wants (at first), except that they may not allow him to get it as quickly as he would have done under Godesberg`s uncircumcised ultimatum. He will begin tomorrow the invasion of Czechoslovakia, as he threatened in his speech of 12 September. It is free to occupy all regions where Sudeten Germans are in the majority, and to do so in rapid stages. Undoubtedly, radio equipment has had a great influence over the past two weeks, as the contrast between German school silence and the moderation of leaders of other countries, including Czechoslovakia in particular, has made a strong impression here in the United States and in all neutral countries. But when it comes to dictatorial countries, far less was known about the outside world than it was half a century ago. Because the machinery of oppression is now perfected, and when it is accustomed to its full power, little light can pierce. Thus, great wars can be unleashed in the darkness of peoples who know nothing beyond what their leaders have told them. In this way, the common life of the world is negatively affected by the state of its different peoples, and the loss of freedom in each of them becomes a threat to peace. In the meantime, the British government has asked Beneš to ask for an intermediary.
As Beneš did not want to sever his government`s ties with Western Europe, he reluctantly agreed. The Sudeten Germans were ordered by Hitler to avoid any compromise,[25] and the SdP organized demonstrations on September 7 that provoked a police action in Ostrava during which two of his deputies were arrested. [23] The Sudeten Germans used the incident and false accusations of other atrocities as a pretext to break off new negotiations. [23] [26] After Poland learned that the territories inhabited by Poles were to be handed over to Germany, Poland issued a note to the Czechoslovak government calling for “the immediate conclusion of an agreement under which Polish territory was to be undeniably occupied by Polish troops; This should be followed by an agreement on referendums in districts where a large share of the Polish population is high. [75] The British people expected an imminent war, and Chamberlain`s “statesman gesture” was initially greeted with applause. He was greeted as a hero by the royal family and invited to the balcony of Buckingham Palace before presenting the deal to the British Parliament. The generally positive reaction quickly deteriorated, despite the royal patronage. However, there was resistance from the beginning. Clement Attlee and the Labour Party rejected the deal, in alliance with two Conservative MPs, Duff Cooper and Vyvyan Adams, who until then had been seen as a hardened and reactionary element of the Conservative Party. The American historian William L. Shirer, in his book The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (1960), argued that if Czechoslovakia did not bluff about its intention to invade, Czechoslovakia could have put up considerable resistance. Shirer believed that Britain and France had enough air defenses to avoid serious bombing of London and Paris, and that they could have waged a quick and successful war against Germany.
[66] He quotes Churchill as saying that the deal means that “Britain and France were in a much worse position than Hitler`s Germany.” [61] After Hitler personally inspected the Czech fortifications, he privately told Joseph Goebbels that “we had shed a lot of blood” and that he was glad there was no fighting. [67] An agreement was reached on September 29, and at about 1:30 a.m. on September 30.m .m 1938,[43] Adolf Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini, and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Accords.[67] The agreement was officially introduced by Mussolini, although the Italian plan was almost identical to Godesberg`s proposal: the German army was to complete the occupation of the Sudetenland by October 10 and an international commission was to decide on the future of the other disputed territories. Citing Munich in foreign policy debates is also common in the 21st century. [107] During Secretary of State John Kerry`s negotiations on the Iran nuclear deal, a Texas Republican lawmaker called the negotiations “worse than Munich.” Kerry himself had invoked Munich in a speech in France, in which he advocated military action in Syria saying, “This is our Munich moment.” [108] The Czechoslovaks were appalled by the munich colony. They were not invited to the conference and felt betrayed by the British and French governments. Many Czechs and Slovaks refer to the Munich Agreement as the Munich diktat (Czech: Mnichovský diktát; Slovak: Mníchovský diktát). The term “betrayal of Munich” (Czech: Mnichovská zrada; Slovak: Mníchovská zrada) is also used because Czechoslovakia`s military alliance with France proved useless. This was also reflected in the fact that the French Government, in particular, had considered that Czechoslovakia would be held responsible for a European war that would result if the Czechoslovak Republic defended itself by force against German incursions. [59] In 1938, the Soviet Union was allied with France and Czechoslovakia[…].